General Muhammed Zia-ul-haq - Pakistan History :: essays research papers

Q. Talk about in detail the Islamization program of General Muhammed Zia-ul-Haq as the leader of Pakistan. A. Islamization Program of General Muhammed Zia-ul-Haq: - Foundation: - General Muhammed Zia-ul-Haq announced Martial Law in 1977 and accepted the workplace of the President of the nation. The then government needed to give a few military law guidelines to viably control the disturbing circumstance in the nation. There is one in number feeling which has viably beaten the years and that is cap the procedure of Islamization, truth be told, started the day the Qadianis were announced as non-Muslims on their invalidation of the certainty of Prophethood in 1974. The supposition appears to convey some weight as the activity of the Government of Mr. Z.A. Bhutto, announcing the Qadianis as non-Muslims, was comprehended as a stage to have been taken for the protect of the fundamental tenents of Islam. In any case, it was the military law system under General Muhammed Zia-ul-Haq which made commonsense strides for the procedure of Islamization. The Islamization Program: - The Islamization program of General Muhammed Zia-ul-Haq contained the accompanying advances. 1. Hadood Ordinance. 2. Qazaf Ordinance. 3. Nizaam-e-Salaat Committees. 4. Zakat Ordinance. 5. Ushr Ordinance. (a). Focal Zakat Council. (b). Common Zakat Council. (c). Region Zakat Committee. (d). Tehsil Zakat Committee. 6. Foundation of Federal Shariat Court. 7. Premium Free Banking. 8. Obligatory educating of Pakistan Studies and Islamiat. 9. Statute for the holiness of Ramzan-ul-Mubarak. 10. Boycott of Nudity. 11. Arabic News. 12. Utilization of Dopatta. 13.Majlis-e-Shoora. in repudiation to this Ordinance was obligated to three yeas detainment and a fine of RS. 500/ - . Be that as it may, emergency clinics, railroad stations, seaports, transport stands, trains and air terminals were excluded from this Ordinance. The Government so as to make Pakistan a genuine Islamic State strived difficult to present Islamic System in the nation. The Government thus required steadfast help and collaboration from the majority. Pakistan around then was going through the short lived stage towards a definitive objective of accomplishing an Islamic culture. An exceptionally long range was required to form Pakistan into an Islamic State. 10. Boycott of Nudity: - The Government forced a severe restriction on the showcase of naked banners especially on depicting ladies as exposure images. Show of bare scenes and moving movies with nakedness were additionally restricted ob the TV. 11. Arabic News: - Regular, five minutes were saved for Arabic news on the TV.

Effect of Pollution on Historical Monument Essay Example For Students

Impact of Pollution on Historical Monument Essay Contamination impacts are not kept to nature. The potential for harm to chronicled landmarks has just been figured it out. Some harm, for example, from wind or downpour, is unavoidable. Nonetheless, contamination contributes extra hazard factors that can expand the degree of obliteration. The impacts might be minor, for example, a darkening of the outside of landmarks because of residue. Different effects can have changeless results. Essentialness 1. Contamination adversely impacts verifiable landmarks and structures the world over, from the Acropolis in Greece to the Americas own Lincoln Memorial. The danger is in the danger of losing these crucial structures for eternity. Huge numbers of these landmarks have social and stylish worth that is priceless. Corrosive Rain 2. One of the more damaging types of contamination is corrosive downpour. Corrosive downpour happens when non-renewable energy source emanations containing sulfur dioxide consolidate with dampness noticeable all around to shape acidic precipitation. At the point when corrosive downpour falls on recorded landmarks of limestone or marble, a compound response happens which corrosively affects these structures. The response breaks down the material, prompting changeless harm. A worldwide temperature alteration 3. As indicated by the National Climatic Data Center, worldwide temperatures have ascended during the previous century at a pace of 0. 11 degrees Fahrenheit for every decade. The worry with recorded landmarks lies in the temperature impacts on the science. Warmth goes about as an impetus, speeding the pace of concoction responses. The destiny of recorded landmarks turns out to be progressively questionable, and the direness to make a move increments. A dangerous atmospheric devation happens when ozone depleting substances, for example, carbon dioxide trap brilliant warmth at the earths surface, which makes temperatures rise. Contributing Factors 4. Different components add to the pace of harm to recorded landmarks. An expansion in dampness gives the fundamental condition to destructive compound responses without downpour. In like manner, changes in sun radiation can briefly raise temperatures on the outside of landmarks, emulating the impacts of an Earth-wide temperature boost on a particular site. Counteraction/Solution 5. Luckily, the degrees of air sulfur dioxide have declined as of late, alleviating a few impacts of contamination on verifiable landmarks. As per the U. S. Condition Protection Agency (EPA), the United States saw in excess of a 70-percent decrease in these levels from 1980 to 2008. Different arrangements, for example, restricting vehicle traffic close to verifiable landmarks, may likewise reduce the effect of contamination. A recent report in the diary Science of The Total Environment found that such measures gave a prudent just as a dependable method to diminish contamination on the Arch of Titus in Rome.

How to apply schedule post feature in WordPress Blog

How to apply schedule post feature in WordPress Blog Schedule post is really a cool idea if you don't have time to make post frequently then you can scheduled your post which will help you to publish your post automatically in your desired time. Sometime we go for travel and at that case we don't have time to make post. In addition in exam time we are unable to make new post. So we can publish our post in schedule time by using schedule post feature in WordPress. Most of the beginners don't know about this feature. To do this you can write couple of article in advance and then add it in WordPress Writing panel and publish by scheduled preset time. Your schedule articles will be publish automatically which is really a cool feature. So this feature is really useful and solve our problem. You can also save time from daily bog posting. Now I will explain the tutorial to apply schedule post feature in WordPress Blog. Please follow the below steps carefully. Step 1Sign into yourWordPress accountand fromDashboardClick onPosts- Add New Step 2Now complete your post writing but don't hit the Publish button. Step 3Find Publish immediately option right Above Publish button and click on Edit link beside Publish immediately text. Step 4Now set the time date and click on Ok Button. Step 5 And finally click on Schedule button. Step 6 To check the schedule post click on All Post from top left side of the screen. and see the post is showing Scheduled with date and time. If you have followed all the above steps then it will help you to successfully scheduled your post in WordPress Blog. Better schedule time if morning. Because loyal readers can read your article when they first connected to theInternet. So try to set schedule time between 7 A.M to 8 A.M. If you have any query regarding schedulepost then feel free to leave a comment below. And kindly Like our Facebook page.

Thermal Energy A Substance Or System - 3594 Words

Kelly McManus Physics Honors Block 1 January 5, 2015 Thermal Energy Thermal energy is the energy a substance or system has related to its temperature. This means the energy of moving or vibrating molecules. Atoms and molecules are always in motion. Generally the motion of thermal energy cannot be seen, but instead the effects it has on the substance can be seen or felt. Thermal energy can have several different uses. It can be used to heat homes, cook food, and generate electricity. Thermal energy, however, is not the same as heat. Heat is energy transferred between substances or systems due to a temperature difference between them. Therefore it is correct to say that a system contains thermal energy, but it is incorrect to say that it contains heat. This is because heat refers to energy that is transferred from one thing to another. The quantity of heat transferred by a substance is reliant on on the speed and number of atoms or molecules in motion. The faster the atoms or molecules move, the higher the temperature. The more atoms or molecules that are in motion, the greater the amount of heat they transfer. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a body. Temperature can be understood by recognizing that a hot object contains more thermal energy than a cold object. The amount of thermal energy in a substance is affected by the amount of particles that are in it. Temperature is independent of number of particles inShow MoreRelatedThe Gap Between Energy Consumption And Energy Generation1718 Words   |  7 PagesCHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND Background The gap between energy consumption and energy generation is gradually increasing and has become a significant problem for both domestic and industrial applications. Furthermore, conventional energy sources, like fossil fuels, are not fulfilling the energy needs of the developing world. And, although they are still major energy sources for both the industrial and domestic sectors of the world s economy, they are also responsible for many problemRead MoreRelationship Between the Study of Heat and Kinetic Theory of Matter and Temperature1435 Words   |  6 Pagestemperature is important because it provides students with a means for exploring energy interactions in order to see the process with which thermal energy is transferred. As a result of the investigations, students obtain knowledge on the greater idea of conservation of energy. While temperature is described as a measure of average kinetic energy of a substance, heat is regarded as the wild motion of molecules in a substance (C halfant, Peyron Raschke, 2005). Relationship between the Study of Heat andRead MoreThe Theory Of Heat : The Natural Sciences Span Over A Wide Range Of Phenomena1126 Words   |  5 Pagesconnections between different subtopics. For example; in thermodynamics. 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Energy which may find out in various forms.for example kinetic energy,potential energy, thermal energy etc. so that heat is the form of thermal energy.According to human various purposes same energy can uses in various places. In this case the transfer of energy is very important. There are various methods bywhich we can transform energy from one form to another.But it depands on

Logistics And Supply Chain Management Essay - 1779 Words

Logistics Supply Chain Management YourFirstName YourLastName University title Abstract For any production and distribution to be successful, then it should be able to produce quality goods and products. It should also ensure that the goods get to the customer in good condition and on time among others. This is achieved through efficient and effective production and distribution logistics. Customer orders may face delays in delivery and therefore not meeting customer satisfaction, which could cause problems with customer retention. Analysis of data helps in coming up with the best actions that a manager or a CEO should take. This paper seeks to discover the factors that affect distribution in any given organization. SECTION I: INTRODUCTION Hymur Limited deals with the production of coolers that are used for outdoor picnics.That said, the production as well as distribution of these products are carried out in a facility situated on the East Coast. Due to low density products and high shipment rates, the company has challenges delivering and reaching the West Coast. Currently, the company ships products from the East Coast center of distribution and the East Coast facility to the West Coast and this is challenging. The company can adopt other alternatives such as giving a contract to another company to do the distribution to the West Coast on its behalf or establish a production and a distribution facility on the West Coast. Having multipleShow MoreRelatedLogistics And Supply Chain Management1033 Words   |  5 PagesLogistics and supply chain management is an important aspect of a firm’s strategy for the business to achieve success by creating value throughout the logistics and supply cha in. The research paper will outline the concepts that are involved in creating the logistics and supply management framework. 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Today In 2017 The Rate Of Unplanned Pregnancies Has Decreased

Today in 2017 the rate of unplanned pregnancies has decreased significantly from years ago, but currently there is no progress being made. In Michigan, according to the National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancies, the number of accidental pregnancies in girls aging from 15-19 is, 19.4 births for every 1,000 girls or 1 in 4 probability. Michigan is also nationally ranked 21 out of 50 states in teen pregnancy rate, this information verifies that some of the current measures that are being taken are working because the numbers are not higher, but there is always room for improvement. The topic of teen pregnancy stems back to when Richard Nixon was the president of the United States in 1970. As an addition to the Public†¦show more content†¦Verses if there were not access to these helpful resources or maybe not as easily accessible, people would not think twice abut having unprotected sex because they would know that they don t have any other options. †¨ Eve ry young girl who is sexually active is at risk for teen pregnancy. Children of teen parents are very likely to become teen parents themselves, this shows higher correlation in places of poverty and low income families. Unplanned teen pregnancy is more than just an unexpected expense than to just the parents, it is an expense to society. In America according to the National campaign, each year 9.4 billion dollars in taxpayer money is spent on teenage childbearing assistance. (2016). These costs include many things for both the child and the parents needs as well. The norms, values and beliefs of families also play a large role in the current social issue. Some families who were teen mothers themselves might be more or less educating to their child based on their experience. Also a large factor is that some religions do not believe in birth control or sex before marriage, therefor the parents of the children do not allow them to take contraceptives and then they accidentally get preg nant. There is defiantly not a lack of people who do not like theShow MoreRelatedDisadvantages Of Sex Education1734 Words   |  7 Pagesengaging in indecent sexual activity. Another common issue is unplanned/unwanted pregnancies. The prevalence of teenage pregnancy worldwide has become a cause of major concern in recent years. It also affects the community and society. There are several at risk circumstances related to teen pregnancy. These include higher dropout rates and less schooling, health, and medical complications, poverty encircled life and decreased career aspirations. Teen mothers have poor prenatal care since theyRead MoreIntroduction. In Biology, Human Population Growth Is Defined1661 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction In biology, human population growth is defined as the increase of the number of individuals per a population. Human population growth can be affected by several different factors such as life expectancy and fertility rates. Life expectancy and fertility rates are the driving forces behind the growth of human population. Life expectancy refers to the average period in which an individual is expected to live. Fertility refers to the number of children a woman will bear within her lifetimeRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesIssues 25 Learning an HRM Skill: Guidelines for Acting Ethically 26 Enhancing Your Communication Skills 26 ETHICAL ISSUES IN HRM: Invasion of Privacy? 9 WORKPLACE ISSUES: We Are Now Entering the Blogosphere 10 Workforce Diversity 10 The Workforce Today 10 DID YOU KNOW?: Chief Diversity Officer 11 How Diversity Affects HRM 11 WORKPLACE ISSUES: Diversity Awareness 12 What Is a Work/Life Balance? 12 DID YOU KNOW?: Looking at the Future of HRM 13 DID YOU KNOW?: International Diversity 14 The Labor Supply

T.K Doraiswamy free essay sample

Book Review: Novel Course : Indian Literature in English Course Instructor: Prof. GJV Prasad Words For The Wind (1973)- T K Doraiswamy With due credit to Google, first the Wikipedia-ish information, and this I confess I have shamelessly plagiarized solely for the reason that I myself could not be as concise. T K Doraiswamy was born in 1922. He did his M. Phil in Virginia Woolf’s works and retired as Professor of English, Mar Ivanois College, Thiruvananthapuram. Equally distinguished as a poet, translator, critic, anthologist, novelist, and short fiction writer, his publications include a novel and six books of poems in English, and nine novels and five books of poems in Tamil. He received the Asan Memorial Award for Tamil Poetry in 1983. Interestingly most of his English works were published under his real name while the Tamil ones under the pen name ‘Nakulan’. His alter-ego Naveenan in his Tamil novels stands out as a modernist anti-hero who was perhaps the first of his kind in Tamil literature. And this I mention because his only English novel â€Å"Words for the Wind† is also a first person narrative by a man named Naveen. I’m curious to know why he edited ‘Naveenan’ to ‘Naveen’ for his English work. He was one of the first writers to attempt techniques like  stream of consciousness   in Tamil literature ably. He translated James Joyce, T. S Eliot and K Ayyappa Paniker and as per Wikipedia claims, influence of Joyce was pronounced in his writings but â€Å"it was more the metaphysical and religious thrust similar to T. S Eliot and the sparseness of style of a Samuel Beckett that really makes his works stand out†. And I have particular problems with this statement, obviously. Firstly because it reeks of colonial servitude and secondly because it deprives an amazing talent the credit due for its individuality. Again as per Wikipedia, â€Å" he was definitely(italics mine) a late modernist moving into the realm of post modernism. In a review of his short stories published in The Hindu on 30 December 2008, it is mentioned that he was called â€Å" the writer’s writer† in Tamil literary circle because of his experimental writings in poetry as well as fiction and â€Å"inspite of eing experimental his writings are readable and seem simple at first reading. He never compromised with the contemporary popular literary field going for stereotyped plots to spin his work of art and consciously avoided attractive storylines opting instead for the simple straightforward narration of everyday events in his life as an outsider without any commitments or justifications with minimum words. â₠¬  A blogger observes that his Modernism was well mixed with the deepest Tamil wisdom. He remained a bachelor for life, taking care of his old parents till their death. He died in 2007. After this introduction- in which I hope you understand, heavy plagiarism was inevitable- I finally come to my very own viewpoint. I like to imagine that I have rediscovered a valuable piece of writing from a not so distant past of the Indian writing in English. During my first cursory glance of the novel I was stunned that an Indian had written something like this, way back in 1973, an Indian whom I haven’t heard about ever in literature. But then I have been badgered with amazingly stunning discoveries in this class , stunning obviously for an ignorant student like me, which made my first astonishment subside not through the course of the novel but through the course of this course. I realized, Indians had actually written amazingly stunning stuff that I, pitifully an Indian, had grown up being oblivious of. So. While my dear friends have been coveting the enticingly slim 76 page volume that I chose, I myself reveled in an apparently easy read- which illusion was later shattered. The novel begins with the rather casual, candid opening, â€Å" I want to write a short novel in English. I have been toying with the idea of doing this off and on, these three, four, five years past. But now I have started it. Now that I have started it, I don’t know how I should go about it. Till now the idea of the medium- I mean English- has been the stumbling block. But now I have actually started it I find the real crux is what I should write about. I can start with myself. But they say you should not. I very well identify with such a strain of writing and therefore it was personally very palatable to me, by the middle of the first page however I was smiling to myself. Here he says, â€Å"I have read my share of Joyce, Kafka, Beckett. Who has not? † I smiled thinking, ‘surely Mr. writer, you did not expect such erudition from the wind to which you have ostensibly directed your words. Or perhaps, this wind blows only in literary circles! ’ Well, I sha melessly confess being the ordinary commonplace listless wind†¦. appily the very next line read, â€Å"But when it comes to the point, I prefer taking my whisky neat. † True for the writer, as for the reader. I have given such a long introduction of the writer because the novel is heavily autobiographical. It is surely stream of consciousness or as Naveen would have us believe, he plunges his hand in the pocket of memory and takes out whatever comes, but â€Å"memory† as in the caveat Naveen quickly adds, â€Å" is a crazy bitch†. The prose is interspersed with very short poetic pieces all over, making the experimental temper evident. The narrative is calibrated into nine neat short chapters which ramble through Naveeen’s musings over his home with his old parents: â€Å"An ill- furnished house. A hole. One two three. Father, mother and me† ; His listless life: â€Å"I read books. I smoke. Occasionally I drink. I chew pan. I ask myself if this is life. I doubt. † At another place : â€Å" I suppose temperamentally I like it- just lying down, reading Simone Weil or thinking†¦. † ; His shared past and present with an elder brother posted at the embassy at Washington: â€Å" I knew Guru in the sense that my elder brother knows Guru. Yes the Guru I know is the Guru he knows. So it is Guru twice removed. † ; his school; the death of a self-castrated popular Saiva Vellala teacher and how the sight of his corpse broke something in Naveen and turned him to musing and writing; his friend Sivan who is disgusted with life simply because each row with his wife who ill treated his old mother was finally made up with sex : â€Å"Man is a pack- animal and the loads you put on him- house, office, wife, children, ambition and not to lag behind his own ideals. Naveen, you know no white man will understand this; it is not the white man’s burden. It is yours and mine. If only I can cut off my penis. ; and an entire chapter where he is talking to his intimate friend, his dog named Pappa Mia. The winding narration which seems erratic however is not really haywire. There are recurring symbols revealed at another places in the novel which remind me slightly of â€Å"The God of Small Things. † What I liked best in the novel was the balance of the uncerta inty in tone with the deep ponderings over the everyday happenings in Naveen’s life, it’s self-indulgent mode, meandering over the metaphysical and the physical, mundane and bizarre, without alienating the reader : â€Å" I don’t know why I write this novel. Self-expression? But I doubt whether I have a self to express at all†¦.. Reader, I am as curious as you are to find out where all this will take me†. Through Naveen’s narration, which often appeals directly to the reader, the novel explores the problem of language, of expression in English, of the image of Indians in the eyes of their fellow countrymen settled abroad, of sexuality, life, God, shadows, reality, relations, old age, politics- literary and social, and even novel writing â€Å"as an exciting game†. There shouldn’t however be any misconception about the kind of narrative this is. Here is a forty year old widely read man. He quotes from the writers he has read, but not to flaunt his erudition, for with him â€Å"impressions are ideas†. He muses, â€Å"because I teach Whitman, just at present, should I steal my ideas from him? Do we steal ideas? Or do ideas steal us? I do not know which is which. † The names of writers that find mention in his narrative range from Joyce, Kafka, Beckett, Proust, James, Stein, Bacon, Shakespeare , Dos Passos, Forster, Frost, Emerson, Dylan Thomas( with whose quote the book ends), Pasternak, Solzhenitsyn to Naipaul, Nirad Chaudhary, Bharathi, Bharathidasan, Ramamirtham, C. V Deshani, Buddhadeva Bose, Mauni and Keshav Malik ( to whom the book is dedicated). Towards the end, during the episode with old man N. N, the narrative becomes heavily philosophical and transcendental. There are unforgettable vignettes that furnish the scape of the life and mind of this interesting man. These include the fleeting mention of an Indo-Anglian sahiba’s comment â€Å"apropos of my poems, that I wrote only notes for poems and not poems at all. , the repulsive episode of the maid Alamu, the reflections over Pappa Mia’s stumped tail, and many interesting conversations like the following with his elder brother visiting from the US: â€Å" ‘You are a typical Indian stick-in-the mud. So self-satisfied. Have you seen the poor here? ’ ‘I have read Naipaul. ’ ‘Do you think our people will ever advance? ’ ‘I have read Nirad Chaudhary. ’ ‘ But what do you think? ’ ‘I think they tell only half th e truth. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ‘†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦do you think you can speak the whole truth? ’ ‘Nobody can speak the whole truth. ’ ‘ My God, you are a typical Indian all over, spinning words like the spider. † And my personal favorite of all his fantastic poetic pieces( this one describing his English teacher) strewn all over the text: â€Å" He was Rotund Or rather Orotund; He was Rubicund And Round like A cubical Homunculus: Bless me! The Dear One Cheered one’s soul! And the man Knew English. † Interesting peeps into the language conflict can be seen as in, â€Å"like as here we have coconut trees†¦. †, â€Å"I did not exactly know what exactly happened†. Also as he quotes some Mr. D who told him that it is only in English the word â€Å"I† is capitalized, which leads him to think, â€Å"I don’t know. It may be. And I have only this â€Å"I† to go by. So whatever strikes it, finds a place here. † Also as his friend refers to his wife as his â€Å"she†, and the spider in Tamil is simply called â€Å"eight legs†. Somebody tells somebody, â€Å" you should have gone home instead of standing here and standing. † Naveen’s views on writing are scattered over the narrative. â€Å"I don’t believe in erasing anything I have written. The dustbins wait. What are books but space conveniently contrived to hold garbage? † , â€Å"Reader I tell you words are the devil†, and he classic conversation with his dog in which he says â€Å"Why should a book be chockfull of words that follow pell-mell, cheek by jowl that hurt you like mad? When will the fellow cease his endless palaver? Pappa Mia, you are right. The real writer never bothered to write. I know it; you know it; yes, which dog did ever bother to set pen to paper? † For al l the theorizing, reviewing and tagging, I will only end my paper by repeating what Sivan tells Naveenan: â€Å"But Naveenan, why a writer writes the way he does God only knows! † ( True for the novel, as for this paper! )

Colonial Diversity Essays - Thirteen Colonies, Middle Colonies

Differences in the colonies of the early settling years of America were vast and diverse. There were three main sections of the land back then: New England, Middle colonies, and the Chesapeake area. The religious differences of these groups of colonies helped to shape our nation the way it was to become. New England colonies were settled mainly by Separatist, those colonies include largely: Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. These colonies, except Rhode Island were mainly conservative Congregationalist types; they tended to be very driven about who they were going to allow to live among them. Coming from England the colonies were eager to exhibit their own brand of religion and were not above oppressing people who did not view God as they did. ?As early as 1635 the first of a long succession of heresy trials imposing banishment as the most common penalty was held.? The exception to this rule was Rhode Island; they were a safe haven for the banished and the cast out. The middle colonies that will be discussed consisted of New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Originally called New Netherlands they were inhabited primarily by the Dutch Reformed church. In 1664 the English took over and control was given to the Duke of York who gave the land to two of his friends one being William Penn who used this land to found Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania being the largest colony and settled primarily by Quakers, though it did have some diversity, constituted much of the middle colonies inhabitants. Quakers were generally kind acceptable people who did not persecute based on religious preference like the New England colonies. William Penn promoted the concept of religious tolerance that permitted people to live in a social community without the scare of persecution. Virginia and the colonies surrounding the Chesapeake area were very similar. Baptist were the new up and coming religion in the south, together with the Presbyterians, Roman Catholics, Quakers, Lutherans, and Moravians made up a great part of the southern colonies. The bulk of the colonies did eventually adopt a particular Religion however tended to loosely enforce its affiliation, or at least, did not persecute because of it. Maryland was the one particular colony that had an issue with people of other faiths. It was the intent of Lord Baltimore the Second to imbue his colony with religious tolerance and he was successful for the better half of two decades; the switch of power in England to James II and the allegiance by the Roman Catholics to Charles II created a rift in the colony and began more subjugation of the Catholics. Though they were oppressed they remained a large and influential part of Maryland society. The early English settlements of the new world were very peculiar. It is interesting to note that though the primary purpose for many settlers to travel this far from their homes was to escape religious persecution, some of them immediately set up societies and persecuted each other based of religious differences. William Penn and others who strived to have religious tolerance and live in a mutually beneficial society are responsible for the way our country is today.

Intervention Approach To Promote Fatherhood In Schools Social Work Essay Essay Example

Intervention Approach To Promote Fatherhood In Schools Social Work Essay Essay Example Intervention Approach To Promote Fatherhood In Schools Social Work Essay Essay Intervention Approach To Promote Fatherhood In Schools Social Work Essay Essay An Intervention Approach to Promote Fatherhood in Schools: Geting the Generalist Intervention Model, the Mandala Ecosystem Health Model, Urie Bronfenbrenner Ecological Systems Theory and Egan Skilled Helper Model An Intervention Approach to Promote Fatherhood in Schools: Geting the Generalist Intervention Model, the Mandala Ecosystem Health Model, Urie Bronfenbrenner ecological systems theory and Egan Helper Model As portion of a university-based adviser, this intercession paper seeks to turn to its issue on forming a plan aimed at prosecuting fathers/ conveying fathers/ more males into the Catholic College to advance the importance of paternity by presenting relevant and effectual plans to profit the local community. The school was formed in 2008 and began as a School in a Shopping Centre . Currently, within the school, around 50 % of pupils live in single-parent places or with a step-parent. Additionally, around 25 % of pupils have a history of sing maltreatment within the household. The Mandala Health theoretical account, Urie Bronfenbrenner ecological systems theory, Egan skilled helper theoretical account and the GIM theoretical accounts are to help me in the planning and suggestion procedure of presenting an intercession that promotes Australian authorities s Stronger Families and Communities scheme announced in the 1999-2000 Federal budget. My intercession attack Since, the school wants to advance paternity, I as a adviser suggests that in order to increase male parents actively-involved with kid s life, the school could give out consent signifier informing activities such as athleticss twenty-four hours carnival, fun-fair, etc which male parents could take part in to advance or construct bonds with the kid alternatively of merely being the exclusive breadwinner of the family. Let them cognize that little small things could do a difference in a kid s turning up procedure. It is non merely holding stable fiscal income which makes the kid happy. In add-on, presenting tonss charts which motivate their kid to inform their male parents on approaching activities. Whoever male parents participated in the event would be awarded with nutrient verifiers.These verifiers can so be exchanged for free nutrient in the canteen. For tonss wise, we ll based on the top 5 % who has meet the demand and be awarded with item of grasp ; give acknowledgment to beget s attempt. What were the phases you went through in the planning procedure? Describe the activities undertaken. The Generalist Intervention Model is an intervention/practice theoretical account that includes all systems ( micro, macro and mezzo ) by supplying a systematic attack to set about the alteration procedure in turn toing the issue. The undermentioned aforementioned are the procedures: Battle. Establishing rapport relationships and effectual communicating by recognizing the client regardless of whether one is prosecuting micro, mezzo or macro alteration, the basicss of making so is to construct good resonance or a trusty relationship with clients and mark system to bring forth basic communicating. Battle is inclusive of verbal and non-verbal communicating and genuineness to prosecute clients the assisting procedure ( Hull and Kirst-Ashman, 2004 ) . Assessment. Designation of client by specifying whether it is single, household, group, organisation or community by placing one based on all facets mentioned above. Even though it sounded simple, to acknowledge who my client is, may go bleary and obscure, as I have to oppugn these undermentioned inquiries. Who is my client? Who are the 1s that needed my aid? Is it merely an person or the full household is my client alternatively ( Hull and Kirst-Ashman, 2004 ) . Assess the client-in-situation and place issues. Four major facets are considered such as micro, mezzo and macro degrees. Each facets must be defined and place strengths in the component of human diverseness. Micro facets. Researching the criticalness of the jobs, causing of the job, client strengths and and how to better to better one lives ( Hull and Kirst-Ashman, 2004 ) . Planing. Specifying the jobs and program which to prioritise. Execution. Transporting out the discussed programs to accomplish client end. Consistent monitoring and assessing of advancement during execution to guarantee client corsets on path. Sometimes, it might impact the program in footings of its state of affairs, conditions or issues. Evaluation. Practitioners must be accountable for their intercession by turn outing its effectivity. Evaluating of each end that has been achieved to find whether the instance should be terminated or reevaluate to make new ends. Termination and followup. Do non set up fond regard with the client upon expiration. As a expression goes learning one the techniques of angling instead than supplying one fishes every clip which denotes disengage with the individual upon the client being stabilized after this intercession ends ( Hull and Kirst-Ashman, 2004 ) . What theoretical accounts of be aftering did you follow for be aftering? Refer to relevant literature. The Generalist Intervention theoretical account proposed by Hull and Ashman ( 2004 ) which involves the eight stairss of planning: Work with the client Prioritize jobs Translate jobs into demands Evaluate degrees of intercession for each demand Establish ends Specify aims Specify action stairss Formalize a contract Work with the client. Working with the client by affecting the client with the job, definition of the job which the client perceived a job as the top precedence compared to other jobs faced. On the other manus, practicians have to take into history of the client s strengths during the planning procedure to forestall difference among one another. Prioritize jobs. Provide precedence for each jobs what others or practicians think is most important might non be important to the client for the job to rank as top precedence. For illustration, foremost, paternity ; prosecute more fathers/stepfathers in lovingness, fostering their kids. Second, school supplying high-quality instruction and installations for pupils. Translate jobs into demands. Initially, client suffered from the jobs. Hence, as practitioners/consultants, we got to supply solutions to help in problem-solving. Acerate leaf to state, this simple measure in be aftering AIDSs in reorganising our ideas on current state of affairs in order to make up ones mind on appropriate solutions. Evaluate degrees of intercession ( micro, mezzo, and macro ) . Stressing one client needs at a clip by get downing with those ranked as highest precedence. Discussion on alternate solutions with the client may concentrate on the micro, mezzo, or macro degree of transmutation. For illustration, affecting what can the single bash at the micro-level by supplying alternate methods aiming on behavioral direction. Establish ends. Charting out ends that are executable for client s with respects on how to continue with the intercession. For case, to construct a full-pledged school that benefits the local community. Specify aims. Goals specificity in placing what needs to be achieved, how do I travel about accomplishing the ends and run intoing my client demands? Therefore, saying expressed aims helps to supply specification in our aims. Specify action stairss. These stairss represent the lucidity of the ends and the completion of the ends by traveling towards accomplishing the aims. Action steps helps to supervise and reevaluate our client s actions. Noteworthy to observe that failure to finish of import action stairss leads to failure to achieve aims and client s ends. Formalize a contract with the client. Bring in a contract working understanding that is negotiable with the client and others involved in the procedure. A contract formalizes the understanding between client and practician and clear uping both outlooks. An array of points includes the fiscal fees, footings and conditions involved in the intercession. Purportedly, clients should be actively-involved with developing the conditions in the contract. Apprehensible footings must be used in the contract instead than proficient slangs which client does nt understand easy. Additionally, this contract differs from legal contracts in footings of its flexibleness to client s altering demands or conditions. Did you use ecosystemic rules in planning, and if so, what rules were used and how? The Mandala of Health: a wellness theoretical account of the human ecosystem As the Mandala Health theoretical account has been on-going in the early 1980s, it has gained world-wide credence in the medical and psychological association. This theoretical account conveys that the interaction of civilization with environment AIDSs one in understanding the human ecology. The outer degree of the Mandala high spots our populating planet embracing the civilization and the biosphere. Holistically, wellness of the single consists of spirit, organic structure and head dimensions. The system that is environing the person is the household and community facets while beside the organic structure and head, make-up of the sick-care system and work. In between the four sides of the circle, contains personal behavior, psycho-socio economic environment, human biological science and physical environment ( Hancock, 1993 ) . Ultimately, this theoretical account should be every bit seen as a multi-disciplinary usage, flexible and dynamic in which assorted component transform based on single demands ( Hancock, 1993 ) . Conversely, to solidify the theory s practical model, I would prefer Bronfenbrenner s Ecological Systems Theory as it defines as complex beds of environment, each holding an consequence on a individual s development. Recently, this theory has been renamed bioecological systems theory to stress that a individual s ain biological sensitivity is a primary environment fueling their development ( Santiago, 2004 ) . The interaction between factors in the individual s maturating biological science, their immediate household and community environment, and the social landscape fuels and tips their development. Changes or struggle in any one bed will ruffle throughout other beds. To understand male parent s demands in the passages, we must look non merely at the male parents but every bit good as the pupils and their immediate environment, but besides in all environment dimensions of interaction as good. Egan assisting theoretical account and the results Egan skilled helper theoretical account is reflected in my planning procedure and outcomes. It is non based on a peculiar theory of personality development, or on a theory of the ways troubles develop. It is a model for gestating the assisting procedure, and is best used in working on issues in the recent yesteryear and the present. As with any theoretical account, it provides a map, which can be used in researching and navigating, but which is non the district itself. The Egan theoretical account and mentoring are non synonymous ; the theoretical account can be used in many sorts of assisting relationships, and mentoring/co-mentoring can be done utilizing other theoretical accounts or merely entirely one. The theoretical account can and should be used flexibly. The theoretical account works best if attending is paid to Rogers core conditions , the assistants approach to the talker being based on genuineness, regard, and empathy, and if rules of good active hearing are remembered throughout. Three chief inquiries were posed to the talker on Egan theoretical account: What is traveling on? Using the school to the benefit of the local community Organized a plan aimed at prosecuting fathers/bringing fathers/more males into the school Maltreatment instances found in kids s household lives What do I desire alternatively? Include the staff without looking to make more work for them Increase the engagement of fathers/grandfathers/stepfathers within the school community How might I acquire to what I want? Ensure they do non burnout by holding a work-life balance in their lives for parents, instructors, and principal Provide pupil services and reding installations Strength and failings of the planning theoretical account Theoretically, this theory is various, good developed and highly utile. In contrast, interviewers and advisers have to be highly-competent to follow the Hull and Kirst-Ashman Generalist Intervention theoretical account ( GIM ) as it emphasize on client strengths instead on failings which possibly, the individual could be intellectually-disabled which might take to misjudging the individual s strengths. Hypothetically, get bying schemes, moderateness and mediation elements were non covered in the planning theoretical account which leads to burnout among organisation. In footings of cultural differences, different organisations have certain values or mission and protocol for persons to adhere. Advisers have to be highly-cultural competency to work efficaciously with clients of different racial backgrounds, ethnics and assorted civilizations when geting the planning theoretical account. Besides, advisers have to take note non to do automatic premises about diverse group in the societal environment. They must endeavor to develop self-awareness and appreciate human differences in an person in order non to be bias towards to their diagnosing when implementing the theoretical account to their client instance.

Using an extended example critically examine whether the sector matrix Essay

Using an extended example critically examine whether the sector matrix framework gives a better strategic understanding of product markets than the concepts of product or commodity chains - Essay Example This has given rise to the concept of commodity chain. Different firms with heterogeneous geographical distribution engaged in production activities of a commodity is said to constitute a global commodity chain. This is known as the Global Commodity Chain (GCC) model. (Dicken P., 2003) According to Hopkins and Wallerstein a commodity chain is defined as â€Å"a network of labor and production processes whose end result is a finished commodity†. The process of production of a commodity is of main importance in the commodity chain. The entire process can be thought of being comprised of a network of points where each point is related to its preceding one in terms of procuring raw material, production, distribution and consumption. These interorganaisational points are technically defined as ‘nodes’. The geographical location of the nodes is generally different from one another. This explanation provides an innovative view for explaining the global inequalities in development. The nodes that are located at the periphery of the network are open to more competition than the nodes at the centre. As a result, central nodes are subject to more aggregate wealth than the peripheral nodes. This distribution is augmented by competitive pressures of innovat ion that flows from the centre to the periphery. It is natural that the core areas will enjoy better support facilities like infrastructure than the peripheral area. (Birch K., April 2006) The Value Chain Analysis developed by Michael Porter is an important tool in the hands of business managers that help to increase the value of the offering by a firm.. The generic value chain model suggests of breaking the entire set of activities undertaken by a firm into primary activities and support activities. The primary value chain activities include inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, marketing and after sales

Giving economic circumstances over the last five years of how Tesco, Literature review - 1

Giving economic circumstances over the last five years of how Tesco, Sainsbury and Morrisons have coped - Literature review Example I will analyze those data along with the theoretical aspects of that. This part will contain the consumer behaviour towards the retail chains for the last five years, brand loyalty of them. The companies’ strategy for maintain the loyal base of customer will also be analyzed as well as analyzing the impact of the strategies on the customers. The recession witnessed from the year 2008 to 2011 had a greater impact on the UK chain and retail market in general. Consequently, leading players in the retail market such as Tesco, Sainsbury and Morrison’s were equally affected. The general impact was occasioned by public (consumer) response to the imminent financial and economical changes. The global recession was characterized by increased prices due to inflation, higher oil prices from exporting countries in Asia and North Africa. Due to the overall changes, the consumers have become value based in terms of key commodities they value with view to the available disposable income (Gbadamosi and Nwankwo 2010). The implication of this change in behavior is that consumers are willing to pay higher prices for valuable commodities if they meet the required standards of quality. Further, the consumers seek to find alternative products which are affordable where quality is not their main concern. The chain stores have been forced to respond to this change in consumer behavior which is actively evident in their promotional strategies. Retail companies carry promotion with the view of convincing the consumer of the intended quality at low cost. Such is the need that Tesco announced an investment of  £500m to facilitate price cuts, Sainsbury has been forced to change from their long term slogan of trying something new to living well at low cost with the view of maintaining customer loyalty. There is low consumer confidence in the UK economy which is expected to fall further. This offers a great challenge to retail stores especially, Tesco,

Effectiveness of Health Management Program

Effectiveness of Health Management Program Abstract The purpose of this study is to determine if the SoonerCare health management program and its associated practice management program, in a rural family practice setting, is an effective program to decrease hospital admission, improve patient care, and is a financially viable system. Data was obtained through chart review of two clinics in Durant, Oklahoma. Durant is a town of just over 15,000 as of the 2010 census. Both clinics are considered rural family medicine clinics. Out of the 170 patients enrolled in the health management program 115 patients were included in the study. The Data showed that over a period of seven months there was a significant reduction of patients going to the hospital for admission. A reduction of 50% was demonstrated with a significant p-value of 0.025896. There was no significant reduction in the office visit rates seen over the same time period. Emergency room visits did decrease by seven percent over this time period, but this was not found to be statistically significant. This reduction correlates to a savings of $551 per patient per year enrolled in the program. The study concurs with the Pacific Health Policy Group that shows a significant cost savings to the state due to the SoonerCare health management program and with practice facilitation. With the decrease in hospital admissions and subsequently the cost savings to the state of Oklahoma this program is an efficient means to provide good health care to the SoonerCare population. Background The cost of health care to the nation, private and public, in 2013 was 2.8 trillion dollars (1). This constituted 18% of the GDP (1). The average cost of health care was 9.5% of GDP for industrialized countries (1). This puts the average cost per capita in the United States at $8,508 in 2013 (1). This is two and a half times the world average of $3,322 per capita in the industrialized world (1). Add to this the projected growth of health care to increase by 5.8% each year until 2022 (2). Total health care costs, in the United States, are expected to grow to 19.9% of the GDP by 2022(1). This could be tolerable if the outcomes correlated with cost but they don’t. The United States is currently ranked twenty sixth out of thirty four in the world for life expectancy, twelfth out of thirty two in heart attack fatalities, and twenty seventh out of twenty eight for unmanaged asthma(3). With the continued increase in health care costs and diminishing return on health care dollars the state of Oklahoma has instituted a health management program and included in this program is a practice management program. The practice management program consists of an in office nurse that is a personal health coach for patients qualified for the program. My concern for this program is whether the benefit of the program outweighs the administrative costs. The purpose of this study is to determine that in a rural family practice patient population does the use of a health coach improve the care of my patients and by extension decrease hospital admissions. My hypothesis is that the use of an in office health coach allows for better care, decreased hospital visits, and at the same time saves money for the state. Methods A 14 month chart review was performed over the 7 months after the installation of a health coach in both the Gastorf Family Clinic and Durant Family Medicine Clinic. The same time a year ago, in the involved clinics, the charts were also reviewed to take out seasonal bias. Charts were reviewed in office and at the local hospital for office visits, hospital admissions, and emergency department visits. No data were obtained regarding the reasons for the office visits, emergency room visits, or for the admitting diagnosis. Data and Results The total enrollment of patients in both the Gastorf Family Clinic and the Durant Family Medicine Clinic was 170 patients. Total of 55 patients were eliminated from the study. Of the 55 patients, 31 patients were eliminated from the study due to not being established with Durant Family Medicine Clinic prior to August 2012 or no longer a patient of the involved clinics after the start of the study. Another 22 patient were eliminated from the study due to not being established with Gastorf Family Clinic prior to August 2012 or no longer being a patient after the start of the study. 2 patients enrolled in the health management system did not have any records in either of the clinics. Total patients used for the study was 115 patients. The average age of patients was 42.8. The distribution of patients in the study was 30.4% male and 69.6 % female. The Durant Family Medicine Clinic had 44 patients or 38.3% of the participants in the study. Gastorf Family Clinic had 71 patients or 61.7% of the participants in the study. The study evaluated inpatient and outpatient data from August 2012 through February 2013 and August 2013 through February 2014. These dates were determined due to the start of the practice management program was in August 2013. The August 2012 to February 2013 dates were used for comparison, in an attempt to negate seasonal admission changes. Data was obtained from a chart review at both involved clinics. Upon discovery of those patients who qualified, with continued care through the study time period, a hospital chart analysis was performed. Data was obtained from the local regional medical center in regards to emergency room visits, hospital admits, and total hospital days. Office Visits Emergency Visits Hospital Admits Pre-study 605 81 14 Study 617 75 7 p-value 0.371 0.317 0.026 Analysis of the data showed a 50% reduction in the number of individuals who were admitted to the hospital at least once in the same time period over 7 months. A one-tail paired t-test was performed and demonstrated a significant result with a p-value of p=0.026. The International Federation of Health Plans 2013 Comparative Price report shows that the average cost per hospital day in the United States is $4,293 (4). Based on evaluation of emergency room visits and hospital costs per day, this program saved about $63,387 over a seven month period for a total of 115 patients enrolled in the study. That is a savings of $551 over a years’ time per patient. Study did not show any significance with regards to a decrease in office visits and emergency room visits. There was an absolute difference of 6 emergency department visits or decrease of 7.4%. Discussion What are the cost savings if we extrapolated the results to the entire SoonerCare population? The current enrollment of Oklahoma SoonerCare as of the end of December 2013 was 555,436 (5). The annual budget of the Oklahoma Health Care Authority is over 5.3 billion dollars with 4.7 billion going towards Medicaid payments (6). If you use the results of the study with the total SoonerCare enrollment the savings would be $306 million dollars. The value of $306 million is overstated due to may issue. The extrapolation this number is unfair and inaccurate. The program as stated is for those patients with chronic conditions that are at risk, or potentially at high risk. This is but a minority portion of the SoonerCare population, which I will discuss below. The other issue is the population size of the study. This study included less than 0.03% of the total SoonerCare population. To extrapolate any data from that small sample size is fraught with inaccuracies. That being said, this study did show a significant decrease in hospital stays for the population involved in the study. Why is there so much focus on reducing cost associated with patients with chronic conditions? A 2010 report by the Agency for Health care Research and Quality found that the top 1 percent of patients ranked based on health care expenses amassed 21.4 percent of the total health care cost (7). The annual cost for these patients was estimated to be $87,570 per year per person (7). They also found that the top 50% of health associated expenders correlated to 97.2% of all health care dollars (7). Further analysis of this study also showed that those patients with four or more chronic conditions are responsible for 29.7% of health care expenditures (7). Who is enrolled in the SoonerCare health management program? Those members with, or at risk for developing chronic disease and are high risk for adverse outcomes and increase likelihood of a health care crisis. By addressing those with multiple chronic medical conditions you are addressing the most concentrated cost centers and will get the best return on investment of health care expenditures. This has been shown through analysis of the SoonerCare health management program. Currently there is over five thousand patients enrolled in the program (8). What is the cost of the program in relations to the cost savings? Study done by the Pacific Health Policy Group has shown that the SoonerCare health management program had an aggregated savings of $214 million for the 2013 fiscal year (9). The Practice facilitation component was shown to decrease the cost per patient from $678 down to $634 including the administrative costs of the program (9). In the same study it was found that the total cost of the program and administrative costs was $32 million (9). When taken from the overall medical savings it showed a return on investment of 562% (9). The SoonerCare health management program saved $5.62 for every dollar spent on the program. So what about patient care? The Study from the Pacific Health Policy Group did show of the 21 clinical performance measures 16 showed increased compliance with standards and of those 11 were statistically significant (9). This study showed the most significant improvements in the area of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, diabetes and hypertension (9). So do clinical performance measures correlate with patient outcome improvement? First health care professionals need information on performance to develop quality care that is also efficient (10). This is where the diagnostic specific measures fit in. The new PQRS standards for Medicare for 2014 there are 287 separate diagnostic measures over 25 groups. The scope of this research was not to address the specific patient care outcomes, but in a retrospective review of each of the clinic’s clinical performance measures before and after the institution of this program did show increase compliance with c linical performance measures being studied in the clinics. So what is the practice management program? It involves a health coach, which is a RN, to assist primary care practices in building a high quality care delivery processes through evaluation and coaching patients with chronic medical conditions, to oversee data capture to identify gaps in care delivery, implement and teach quality improvement methods to close gaps and improve the practice’s ability to effectively manage its patients population through data analysis and process design. Through the SoonerCare health management program patient receive the following services in table 1 (11). Through the practice facilitation portion of the program the patients receive the following services in table 2 (12). Conclusions There were many limitations to this study. As mentioned above, this study was a very small population compared to the affected group. The study only reviewed seven months before and seven months after the start of the program. As with any study group local effect must be accounted for. A larger study with multiple clinics in different locations throughout the state would give a more reliable result. An example of this study was performed by the Pacific Health Policy Group, which showed similar results to this study. In conclusion, in the practices involved in the study, it was shown that there was a significant decrease in hospital visits with the use of an in office health coach and the SoonerCare health management program. A significant financial benefit for the state with the SoonerCare health management program was also seen with a cost savings of $551 per patient per year. This study did not address specific diagnostic measures, but with decreased hospital admissions an assumption can be made in regards to improved patient care. Also in retrospective review of clinical outcome measures did show improvement in both clinics after the institution of the SoonerCare health management program.

Excessive Laws and the Self-Interest of Lawmakers, Lawyers, and Judges

Excessive Laws and the Self-Interest of Lawmakers, Lawyers, and Judges The basis of a civilized society is law. The law allows for standardized treatment of men, the law allows people to plan their futures, the law gives people assurance that wills, contracts, and trusts will be enforced, that certain behavior will be allowed while other behavior (crimes and torts) will be punished, etc. Five important characteristics of "the law" in a civilized society follow: 1) The law must be of manageable size so the average man can learn the law without a lifetime of study. 2) The law must be simple enough for the average man to grasp and understand. 3) The law must be stable so men can, once they learn the law, live their lives with great assurance that they know the law and are not violating the law. 4) The law must be internally consistent so a man who follows one law does not find himself violating some other law. And last, but not least, 5) "man made" law must harmonize with the unchanging law of God. Each of these principles needs to studied in light of America's current legal structure: Manageable size: The typical public or academic law library contains over 100 million pages (in excess of 100,000 volumes) of statutes, regulations, reported legal decisions, commentaries, cross indexes, law dictionaries, legal encyclopedias, law review articles, etc. However, most law libraries have found all these pages inadequate. In the last ten years they have added "on line" access to great legal web sites run by Lexis and West Legal Publishing. These web sites allow law students and lawyers to do quick searches of all published material related to a given topic. These web sites are expensive but if the right legal key words are entered the results are very useful. Twenty to one hundred pages of information is displayed on the screen. In an hour or two any journeyman lawyer will know all that is worth knowing about some narrow area of the law. Of course, total or complete knowledge is beyond human reach. No one not even the most dedicated legal scholar can claim to kn ow "all the law". In fact America's situation recalls ancient Rome, just before its fall, when the laws began to multiply. A sage of the late Roman Empire remarked "A corrupt society has many laws". Simplicity: As the preceding description makes clear, ma... ... in their lives and that He is unrelated to the central activity of their daily routine? It is obvious that each such step is simply another step on a slippery slope away from God. So why do lawmakers, lawyers, and judges violate these five obvious rules. The only answer that makes any sense is self interest. Lawmakers want to be re-elected so they pass laws which pander to man's baser instincts and give special advantage to large contributors. Judges at the appellate level (and bureaucrats in the executive branch of government) are lured by the evil urge to become "little gods". They put God's Laws aside and set off on their own to re-define right and wrong. Judges at the trial court level become friendly with the lawyers that appear before them so they act in ways which increase the power and/or wealth of these lawyers. Lawyers themselves are in need of income to support their families in an aristocratic fashion, so they encourage judges and lawmakers to increase the complexity of courtroom procedures and/or law in general so more "lawyer's work" is created. Simple laws and simple court room procedures are not the stuff upon which grand le gal fees are built.

Marriage vs. Living Together

According to the statistics, the number of cohabitating couples in our country firmly increases: in 1960 there were only 439,000 of unmarried cohabitants, and in 2000 this number came to 4,736,000 people. Currently, 60-75% of first marriages and 80-85% of re-marriages take place after some period of living together (School Health and Safety). This work is an attempt to examine and discuss the differences between marriage and cohabitation as two most popular forms of interpersonal relationship in our modern society. The first difference is formal procedures and requirements to enter or stop one or another type of relationship. There are no official requirements for people, who want to start or stop living together. However, entering a marriage requires such formalities (depending on the state laws) as a waiting period, medical tests, minimal ages, an official ceremony, receiving marriage certificate, etc. The same can be said about ending a marriage, which has to be formalized with a long and exhausting procedure of legal divorce. Another legal difference is connected with property relations between people who are officially married or just live together. A married couple is supposed to possess their property together and apply legal methods to divide their property in case of a separation. Since cohabitation is not a legal union, there are no legally prescribed procedures for dividing the property between cohabiting partners in case of a breakup. Finally, there’s a difference in legal responsibilities and obligations of those married or cohabiting couples who have children. The offspring born to a married couple become official children of the husband and wife. In such case both parents are obliged to support their children financially till the children reach some certain age. However, in the case of cohabitation the male partner has neither legal rights for parenting nor a legal obligation to support the offspring. There is another group of differences, which is connected with social consequences of marriage and cohabitation. Empirical researches show that cohabiting partners have higher tendency to separate (Ward). Also, married people usually have better opportunities for professional development. But, certainly, a key difference is the absence of commitments in cohabiting relationship, which often brings to various negative outcomes. Some differences are reflecting economic sides of the issue. Specialists found out that married couples usually have better financial situation (Ward). On the other hand, male partners in cohabiting relationships are less stimulated to find some sources of extra income, to earn more money and to make savings or investments. Correspondently, children of unmarried couples are usually supported with poorer financial resources. Finally, there are a number of differences connected with health effects and psychological conditions of married and cohabiting couples. Specialists report that married people express more satisfaction with their relationship and have lower tendency to feel disappointed, depressed, angry, suicidal, etc. At the same time, cohabiting partners are reported to be under much higher risks of alcohol and drug abuse, as well as other mental or emotional abuse (Ward). Undoubtedly, by some reasons marriage may not be a preferable decision for a contemporary couple, and, therefore, the two people can rather opt to live together and give up all the benefits of legal marriage. Nevertheless, when making a choice between marriage and cohabitation it is crucial to consider all important advantages and disadvantages of both types of union, as well as to find out what human values are involved in the relationship between two individuals. Bibliography: â€Å"Cohabitation vs. Marriage.† Georgia State University. School Health and Safety. Ed. Sandra Owen. 30 May 2007 . â€Å"Marriage vs. Cohabitation.† Find Law for the Public. Thomson FindLaw Internet Resource. 30 May 2007 . Ward, Nathaniel. â€Å"Marriage vs. Cohabitation.† My Heritage. Heritage Foundation. 13 Feb. 2007. 30 May 2007 .

Genes, Heredity, And Genetic Variation Among Living Organisms

Genetics is a field of biology, which concentrates specifically on the study of genes, heredity, and genetic variation among living organisms. The use of genetic knowledge can be traced to early civilizations when people examined and altered genetic information to advance the efficiency of domesticated species of plants and animals. Some of the plants, such as corn, wheat and rice, were genetically modified not only to increase the production of crops, but to also be resilient against diseases and pest, while at the same time still producing a nutritious and healthy harvest. About one hundred and fifty years ago, Gregor Mendel observed heredity through his experimental work on the production of pea stocks. Mendel came up with groundbreaking conclusions over eight years and with the use of twenty eight thousand pea plants as he discovered dominant and recessive genes to be the major building blocks of heredity while incorporating mathematics to identify patterns in his experiment (Wil son, Avery, Ford, Hancock, Read, Stephens, and Young, 2007). Mendel carried out monohybrid and dihybrid crosses and was able to obtain offspring in certain ratios that allowed the establishment of the laws of inheritance. In the first part of this laboratory experiment, both a monohybrid and a dihybrid ear of corn were used to examine different phenotypic features such as shape and color. The experiment was conducted to investigate the Mendelian genetics and observe the different phenotypicShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Germplasm On Plants And Tissue That Helps Maintain The Breeding And Conservation Essay1213 Words   |  5 Pages It is a living tissue that grows into a new plant (3). 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